INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN LIABILITY FOR OFFICIAL CRIMES COMMITTED BY OFFICIALS OF COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Resumen

Official crimes committed by officials of commercial organizations represent a serious threat to economic security, corporate governance, and public trust in market institutions. Such crimes include bribery, abuse of authority, fraud, embezzlement, and other corrupt practices committed by individuals performing managerial or administrative functions within private entities. In response, many states have developed legal mechanisms to ensure accountability of corporate officials and, in some cases, the commercial organizations themselves. This article examines international experience in establishing liability for official crimes committed by officials of commercial organizations. Using a comparative legal approach, the study analyzes legislative models and enforcement practices in selected jurisdictions, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, as well as relevant international legal instruments. The findings demonstrate a global trend toward expanding criminal and administrative liability, strengthening compliance systems, and harmonizing national legislation with international anti-corruption standards.